Plant-derived nootropics and human cognition: A systematic review.

Substances with modulatory capabilities on certain aspects of human cognition have been revered as nootropics from the dawn of time. The plant kingdom provides most of the currently available nootropics of natural origin. Here, in this systematic review, we aim to provide state-of-the-art information regarding proven and unproven effects of plant-derived nootropics (PDNs) on human cognition in conditions of health and disease. Six independent searches, one for each neurocognitive domain (NCD), were performed in parallel using three independent scientific library databases: PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus. Only scientific studies and systematic reviews with humans published between January 2000 and November 2021 were reviewed, and 256 papers were included. Ginkgo biloba was the most relevant nootropic regarding perceptual and motor functions. Bacopa monnieri improves language, learning and memory. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) modulates anxiety and social-related cognitions. Caffeine enhances attention and executive functions. Together, the results from the compiled studies highlight the nootropic effects and the inconsistencies regarding PDNs that require further research.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.2021137.

Relationship between Diet Quality and Socioeconomic and Health-Related Factors in Adolescents by Gender.

Adolescence is a key period for consolidating heathy lifestyles and proper eating habits that can last into adulthood. To analyze the diet quality of Spanish adolescents and its association with socioeconomic factors and health behaviors by gender, a cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the DESKcohort project, consisting of a biannual panel survey on health, health behaviors, and associated determinants, collected in secondary education centers. The study population consisted of 7319 students aged 12 to 18 years. Data were collected from October 2019 to March 2020. The dependent variable was diet quality score according to the Spanish adaptation of the Healthy Eating Index (S-HEI). The independent variables included were socioeconomic factors and health behaviors. We conducted linear regression separately by gender. Diet quality score was significantly higher for girls than for boys (68 and 65, respectively, p < 0.001). For both genders, poorer diet quality was associated with a low level of physical activity [-0.9 (95% CI = -1.6:-0.2) in boys, -1.2 (95% CI = -1.9:-0.4) in girls], alcohol use [-2.5 (95% CI = -3.7:-1.3) in boys, -1.0 (95% CI = -1.9:0.0) in girls], poor self-perceived health [-1.1 (95% CI = -2.4:0.2) in boys, -3.5 (95% CI = -4.6:-2.4) in girls], and having attended Intermediate Level Training Cycles [-2.9 (95% CI = -4.3:-1.5) in boys, -1.9 (95% CI = -3.5:-0.3) in girls]. In girls, poorer diet quality also was associated with low mood [-1.1 (95% CI = -1.9:-0.3)]. The variance was 9% in boys and 12% in girls. Our results highlight the need to consider socioeconomic and health-related factors, as well as gender, when conducting interventions to promote healthy eating among adolescents.

Consumers' Acceptability and Perception of Edible Insects as an Emerging Protein Source.

In recent years in Western Europe, studies on entomophagy have drawn the attention of many researchers interested in identifying parameters that could improve the acceptability of insect consumption in order to introduce insects as a sustainable source of protein into the future diet. Analysing the factors involved in consumer acceptability in the Mediterranean area could help to improve their future acceptance. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an ad-hoc questionnaire in which 1034 consumers participated. The questionnaire responses allowed us to study the areas relevant to acceptance: neophobia, social norms, familiarity, experiences of consumption and knowledge of benefits. Only 13.15% of participants had tried insects. Disgust, lack of custom and food safety were the main reasons for avoiding insect consumption. Consequently, preparations with an appetising appearance need to be offered, with flours being the most accepted format. The 40-59-year-old age group was the one most willing to consume them. To introduce edible insects as food in the future, it is important to inform people about their health, environmental and economic benefits because that could increase their willingness to include them in their diet.

Edible Insect Consumption for Human and Planetary Health: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review aimed to examine the health outcomes and environmental impact of edible insect consumption. Following PRISMA-P guidelines, PubMed, Medline ProQuest, and Cochrane Library databases were searched until February 2021. Twenty-five articles met inclusion criteria: twelve animal and six human studies (randomized, non-randomized, and crossover control trials), and seven studies on sustainability outcomes. In animal studies, a supplement (in powdered form) of 0.5 g/kg of glycosaminoglycans significantly reduced abdominal and epididymal fat weight (5-40% and 5-24%, respectively), blood glucose (10-22%), and total cholesterol levels (9-10%), and a supplement of 5 mg/kg chitin/chitosan reduced body weight (1-4%) and abdominal fat accumulation (4%) versus control diets. In other animal studies, doses up to 7-15% of edible insect inclusion level significantly improved the live weight (9-33%), reduced levels of triglycerides (44%), cholesterol (14%), and blood glucose (8%), and increased microbiota diversity (2%) versus control diet. In human studies, doses up to 7% of edible insect inclusion level produced a significant improvement in gut health (6%) and reduction in systemic inflammation (2%) versus control diets and a significant increase in blood concentrations of essential and branched-chain amino acids and slowing of digestion (40%) versus whey treatment. Environmental indicators (land use, water footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions) were 40-60% lower for the feed and food of edible insects than for traditional animal livestock. More research is warranted on the edible insect dose responsible for health effects and on environmental indicators of edible insects for human nutrition. This research demonstrates how edible insects can be an alternative protein source not only to improve human and animal nutrition but also to exert positive effects on planetary health.

Cocinas tradicionales: entre la cultura y el patrimonio, el cambio social y la salud / Traditional cookery: between culture and heritage, social change and health

El propósito de este artículo es reflexionar críticamente sobre las intersecciones entre cocinas tradicionales, cultura alimentaria, patrimonio y salud. En primer lugar, solo muy recientemente aspectos de la cultura inmaterial como la alimentación han sido consideradas como parte de la cultura con pleno derecho y se han incorporado a las listas de lo patrimonializable. Tenemos también que dicho patrimonio cultural es cambiante, y se construye a partir de selecciones de elementos, excluyendo otros. Igualmente, y al tratarse de alimentación, dichos discursos impactan de lleno en otros discursos sociales, entre los cuales el de la salud (pública) es uno de los más destacados. Pero aun dentro de este panorama convulso, las cocinas “tradicionales” continúan teniendo una fuerza inusitada y se sitúan en la base tanto de las culturas e identidades a todos los niveles, como de las representaciones proyectadas “hacia fuera”. En este artículo reflexionaremos brevemente sobre estos aspectos. (AU)

Fhe aim of this article is to critically reflect on the intersections between traditional cuisines, food culture, heritage and health. First, we have to say that only very recently aspects of intangible culture such as food and cuisines, have been considered as part of the culture with full rights and have been incorporated into heritage lists. We also have that this cultural heritage is continuously evolving, and is built from selections of elements, excluding others. Likewise, and when it comes to food, these discourses have a full impact on other social discourses, among which that of (public) health is one of the most prominent. But even within this turbulent panorama, the "traditional" kitchens continue to have an unusual force and are at the base of both cultures and identities at all levels, as well as representations projected "outwards". In this article we will briefly reflect on these aspects. (AU)

Social Inequalities in Breakfast Consumption among Adolescents in Spain: The DESKcohort Project.

Breakfast has a critical role in energy balance and dietary regulation. Consequently, it is considered an important component of a healthy diet, especially in adolescence, when there are great opportunities to consolidate habits and establish future patterns of healthiness in adulthood. Socioeconomic position (SEP) causes inequalities that are reflected in health behaviors, physical activity, mental health, and diet. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the 2019-2020 DESKcohort project (Spain) to explore the relationships between breakfast and sociodemographic characteristics, health-related behaviors, and school performance of 7319 adolescents. Our findings showed that the prevalence of skipping breakfast every day was 19.4% in girls and 13.7% in boys and was related to students' SEP. The risk of skipping breakfast was 30% higher in girls from the most disadvantaged SEP, in comparison to those in the most advanced SEP (prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.11-1.54). Also, boys from the most disadvantaged SEP showed 28% higher risk of skipping breakfast than those in the most advanced SEP (PR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.04-1.59). In conclusion, future public policies should be adapted considering a SEP and gender perspective to avoid increasing nutritional and health inequalities.

Social Inequalities in Changes in Diet in Adolescents during Confinement Due to COVID-19 in Spain: The DESKcohort Project.

Adolescence is a critical period in the consolidation of healthy lifestyles that can last into adulthood. To analyze changes in food consumption and eating behaviors in high-school adolescents during the first confinement, a cross-sectional study was conducted at the end of confinement in Spain. Changes in the frequency or quantity of consumption of different types of food and food-related behaviors were analyzed. Socioeconomic and health-related variables were also considered. To determine whether dietary changes were related to socioeconomic position (SEP), Poisson regression models with robust variance were estimated. Overall, there were some changes towards a healthier diet such as an increase in fruit consumption (38.9%) and a decrease in the consumption of soft drinks (49.8%), sweets and pastries (39.3%), and convenience foods (49.2%). Some changes, however, were related to less healthy behaviors, such as a more irregular pattern of meal distribution (39.9%) or an increase in snacking between meals (56.4%). Changes towards less healthy eating were also related to students' SEP. The risk of worsening the diet was found to be 21% higher in adolescents from a more disadvantaged SEP. Future public policies could be adapted to avoid increasing nutritional and health inequalities.

Family Meals, Conviviality, and the Mediterranean Diet among Families with Adolescents.

Two aspects that characterize the Mediterranean diet (MD) are "what" and "how" we eat. Conviviality relates to "how" we eat and to the pleasure of sharing meals with significant people. The most studied concept is "family meals", which includes conviviality, which involves "enjoying" family meals. Given the lack of research on convivial family meals in Mediterranean countries, the purpose of this qualitative study was to analyze the family meal representations and practices of families with 12- to 16-year-old adolescents to assess whether they responded to a pattern of conviviality, and to examine their association with MD adherence. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted and food frequency and family meal questionnaires were administered. A food pattern analysis was carried out and digital photos of meals were analyzed to examine eating habits and meal composition, respectively. The findings showed that parents believed family meals are a space for socialization and communication. Items relating to the conviviality of family meals identified in the study were meal frequency, meals at the table, lack of digital distractions, pleasant conversations, and time spent on family meals. Attention should be paid to conviviality in Mediterranean families when designing multi-approach strategies to promote healthy eating among adolescents.

Obesity, Mediterranean Diet, and Public Health: A Vision of Obesity in the Mediterranean Context from a Sociocultural Perspective.

Obesity is a disease that straddles medico-nutritional, psychological, and socio-cultural boundaries. There is a clear relationship between lifestyle and obesity, and today the Mediterranean diet in the Mediterranean area may represent an interesting corrective asset. However, we should not be under any misapprehension about the model's capacity for action in non-nutritional terms. Our societies are experiencing a process of rapid change, and the Mediterranean area is no exception. The aim of this article is to present a view of obesity in the Mediterranean context from an open, mainly socio-cultural perspective, but from different points of view (medical, nutritional), seeking points of convergence and elements that contribute to the understanding of and approach to the disease in the context of the Mediterranean diet. As a public health and a multidimensional social problem, obesity must be dealt with in a holistic, open, and cross-disciplinary manner to ensure that it can be understood coherently. The only way to keep the usefulness of the Mediterranean diet within desirable limits will be our societies' vitality and interest in rapidly adapting the Mediterranean diet to social change, thus providing valid answers to today's needs.

Impact of Olive Oil Supplement Intake on Dendritic Cell Maturation after Strenuous Physical Exercise: A Preliminary Study.

Physical exercise is known to have a dose-dependent effect on the immune system and can result in an inflammatory process in athletes that is proportional to the intensity and duration of exertion. This inflammatory process can be measured by cell markers such as dendritic cells (DCs), which, in humans, consist of the myeloid DC (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DC (pDCs) subpopulations. The aim of this study was to measure DC differentiation to determine the possible anti-inflammatory effects, after intense aerobic effort, of the intake of a 25 mL extra-virgin olive oil supplement. Three healthy sports-trained subjects went through resistance exercise loads on two days separated by a week: on one day after active supplement intake and on the other day after placebo supplement intake. The results show that the highest increase (77%) in the percentage of mDCs as a proportion of pDCs was immediately after testing. Independently of the supplement taken, mature mDCs showed a decreasing trend between the test one hour after and 24 h after testing ended. Nevertheless, measured in terms of the coefficient of variation, only the decrease (46%) for extra-virgin olive oil supplementation was statistically significant (95% CI: 30-62%; p = 0.05). In conclusion, an extra-virgin olive oil supplement could reduce the inflammatory impact of intense aerobic effort and improve recovery at 24 h.

Using Mobile Applications to Increase Physical Activity: A Systematic Review.

Unhealthy diet and physical inactivity-major risk factors for the main non-communicable diseases-can be addressed by mobile health applications. Using an evidence-based systematic review design, we analysed studies on mobile applications to foster physical activity to determine whether they met the objective of increasing adults' physical activity. A bibliographic search was conducted in October 2020 using PubMed, Cochrane Library Plus, Biomed Central, Psychology Database, and SpringerLink, retrieving 191 articles. After titles and abstracts were reviewed, 149 articles were excluded, leaving 42 articles for a full-text review, of which 14 met the inclusion criteria. Despite differences in study duration, design, and variables, 13 of the 14 studies reported that applications were effective in increasing physical activity and healthy habits as dietary behaviour. However, further longer-term studies with larger samples are needed to confirm the effectiveness of mobile health applications in increasing physical activity.

Mediterranean Diet and Cardiodiabesity: A Systematic Review through Evidence-Based Answers to Key Clinical Questions.

The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) has been promoted as a means of preventing and treating cardiodiabesity. The aim of this study was to answer a number of key clinical questions (CQs) about the role of the MedDiet in cardiodiabesity in order to provide a framework for the development of clinical practice guidelines. A systematic review was conducted to answer five CQs formulated using the Patient, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO) criteria. Twenty articles published between September 2013 and July 2016 were included, adding to the 37 articles from the previous review. There is a high level of evidence showing that MedDiet adherence plays a role in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and improves health in overweight and obese patients. There is moderate-to-high evidence that the MedDiet prevents increases in weight and waist circumference in non-obese individuals, and improves metabolic syndrome (MetS) and reduces its incidence. Finally, there is moderate evidence that the MedDiet plays primary and secondary roles in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The MedDiet is effective in preventing obesity and MetS in healthy and at-risk individuals, in reducing mortality risk in overweight or obese individuals, in decreasing the incidence of T2DM and CVD in healthy individuals, and in reducing symptom severity in individuals with T2DM or CVD.

Nutritionally modifiable prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer survivors after diagnosis / Biomarcadores de pronóstico modificables nutricionalmente en el paciente con cáncer colorrectal tras el diagnóstico de la enfermedad

Introduction :Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in the Western world. About one million of new CRC cases are diagnosed per year. The survival rate of patients with CRC changes widely, even among patients with the same tumor histology. This is possibly due to the impact of environmental factors on tumor development. The diet is the most important among these factors. It is known that nutrition can modify the risk of CRC. However, the role that nutrition plays in the risk of recurrence or survival in patients with CRC is not known with accuracy. Objetive: The objective of this review was to try to clarify this fact. Material and methods: Collecting the data obtained as of today in the epidemiological studies of association among recurrence, survival or mortality risk of CRC; and vitamins and the body mass index (BMI), to develop a series of nutritional advices to patients. Conclusions: Thanks to the studies discussed in this work, we could conclude that: BMI, retinol and vitamin D, and in some cases folic acid, at the time of disease diagnosis, operate like recurrence and survival prognosis markers in CRC.

Introducción: el cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es el segundo cáncer más frecuente en el mundo occidental, de tal manera que se diagnostican cerca de 1 millón de casos nuevos por año. La tasa de supervivencia de pacientes con CCR varía ampliamente, aun entre pacientes con el mismo tumor histológico. Esto posiblemente es debido al impacto de los factores ambientales sobre el desarrollo tumoral. Dentro de estos factores, destaca la dieta. Se conoce que la nutrición puede modificar el riesgo de padecer CCR. Sin embargo, no se conoce con precisión el papel que desempeña la nutrición en el riesgo de recurrencia o supervivencia en pacientes con CCR. Objetivo: el objetivo de esta revisión fue tratar de esclarecer el papel que desempeña la nutrición en el riesgo de recurrencia o supervivencia en pacientes con CCR. Material y métodos: recopilación de los datos obtenidos hasta el momento en los estudios epidemiológicos más recientes, de la asociación entre recurrencia, supervivencia o riesgo de mortalidad al CCR; y las vitaminas y el índice de masa corporal (IMC), con el fin de elaborar una serie de consejos nutricionales a estos pacientes. Conclusiones: gracias a los estudios comentados se puede concluir que el IMC y el nivel de vitamina D, retinol y en algunos casos el del ácido fólico, en el momento del diagnóstico de la enfermedad, funcionan como marcadores de pronóstico de recurrencia y supervivencia al CCR.

Biomarcadores de pronóstico modificables nutricionalmente en el paciente con cáncer colorrectal tras el diagnóstico de la enfermedad / Nutritionally modifiable prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer survivors after diagnosis

Introducción: el cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es el segundo cáncer más frecuente en el mundo occidental, de tal manera que se diagnostican cerca de 1 millón de casos nuevos por año. La tasa de supervivencia de pacientes con CCR varía ampliamente, aun entre pacientes con el mismo tumor histológico. Esto posiblemente es debido al impacto de los factores ambientales sobre el desarrollo tumoral. Dentro de estos factores, destaca la dieta. Se conoce que la nutrición puede modificar el riesgo de padecer CCR. Sin embargo, no se conoce con precisión el papel que desempeña la nutrición en el riesgo de recurrencia o supervivencia en pacientes con CCR. Objetivo: el objetivo de esta revisión fue tratar de esclarecer el papel que desempeña la nutrición en el riesgo de recurrencia o supervivencia en pacientes con CCR. Material y métodos: recopilación de los datos obtenidos hasta el momento en los estudios epidemiológicos más recientes, de la asociación entre recurrencia, supervivencia o riesgo de mortalidad al CCR; y las vitaminas y el índice de masa corporal (IMC), con el fi n de elaborar una serie de consejos nutricionales a estos pacientes. Conclusiones: gracias a los estudios comentados se puede concluir que el IMC y el nivel de vitamina D, retinol y en algunos casos el del ácido fólico, en el momento del diagnóstico de la enfermedad, funcionan como marcadores de pronóstico de recurrencia y supervivencia al CCR (AU)

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in the Western world. About one million of new CRC cases are diagnosed per year. The survival rate of patients with CRC changes widely, even among patients with the same tumor histology. This is possibly due to the impact of environmental factors on tumor development. The diet is the most important among these factors. It is known that nutrition can modify the risk of CRC. However, the role that nutrition plays in the risk of recurrence or survival in patients with CRC is not known with accuracy. Objetive: The objective of this review was to try to clarify this fact. Material and methods: Collecting the data obtained as of today in the epidemiological studies of association among recurrence, survival or mortality risk of CRC; and vitamins and the body mass index (BMI), to develop a series of nutritional advices to patients. Conclusions: Thanks to the studies discussed in this work, we could conclude that: BMI, retinol and vitamin D, and in some cases folic acid, at the time of disease diagnosis, operate like recurrence and survival prognosis markers in CRC (AU)

Diseño y validación de un cuestionario para evaluar el nivel de conocimientos generales en trastornos del comportamiento alimentario en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud / Design and validation of a questionnaire to assess the level of general knowledge on eating disorders in students of Health Sciences

OBJETIVO: Diseñar y validar un cuestionario, para evaluar el nivel de conocimientos sobre los trastornos del comportamiento alimentario en estudiantes universitarios. DISEÑO: Estudio observacional longitudinal y prospectivo. Diseño del instrumento basado en una revisión conceptual y validación mediante un pretest cognitivo y una prueba piloto test-retest, con análisis de las propiedades psicométricas en cada aplicación. Emplazamiento: Fundación Universitaria del Bages, Barcelona. Marco de atención comunitaria. PARTICIPANTES: Fueron 140 estudiantes de ciencias de la salud; 53 mujeres y 87 hombres, con edad media de 21,87 años; participaron 28 en el pretest y 112 en el test-retest, completando el estudio 110 estudiantes. MEDICIONES PRINCIPALES: Validez y estabilidad con los estadísticos α de Cronbach y coeficiente de correlación de Pearson; relación de las calificaciones con el sexo y tipo de estudios, con estadísticos no paramétricos prueba U de Mann-Whitney y prueba de Kruskal-Wallis; para las variables demográficas se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas o porcentuales y la desviación estándar o la media como medidas de dispersión o tendencia central. El nivel de significación estadística fue del 95% de confianza. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo un instrumento de 10 preguntas distribuidas en cuatro dimensiones: clasificación, características demográficas de los participantes, factores de riesgo y manifestaciones clínicas de los trastornos del comportamiento alimentario. La escala mostró una buena consistencia interna en su versión final (α de Cronbach=0,724) y una adecuada estabilidad (correlación de Pearson 0,749). CONCLUSIONES: El instrumento diseñado permite evaluar con garantía, el nivel de conocimientos sobre los trastornos del comportamiento alimentario de los estudiantes de ciencias de la salud

OBJETIVO: Diseñar y validar un cuestionario, para evaluar el nivel de conocimientos sobre los trastornos del comportamiento alimentario en estudiantes universitarios. DISEÑO: Estudio observacional longitudinal y prospectivo. Diseño del instrumento basado en una revisión conceptual y validación mediante un pretest cognitivo y una prueba piloto test-retest, con análisis de las propiedades psicométricas en cada aplicación. Emplazamiento: Fundación Universitaria del Bages, Barcelona. Marco de atención comunitaria. PARTICIPANTES: Fueron 140 estudiantes de ciencias de la salud; 53 mujeres y 87 hombres, con edad media de 21,87 años; participaron 28 en el pretest y 112 en el test-retest, completando el estudio 110 estudiantes. MEDICIONES PRINCIPALES: Validez y estabilidad con los estadísticos α de Cronbach y coeficiente de correlación de Pearson; relación de las calificaciones con el sexo y tipo de estudios, con estadísticos no paramétricos prueba U de Mann-Whitney y prueba de Kruskal-Wallis; para las variables demográficas se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas o porcentuales y la desviación estándar o la media como medidas de dispersión o tendencia central. El nivel de significación estadística fue del 95% de confianza. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo un instrumento de 10 preguntas distribuidas en cuatro dimensiones: clasificación, características demográficas de los participantes, factores de riesgo y manifestaciones clínicas de los trastornos del comportamiento alimentario. La escala mostró una buena consistencia interna en su versión final (α de Cronbach=0,724) y una adecuada estabilidad (correlación de Pearson 0,749). CONCLUSIONES: El instrumento diseñado permite evaluar con garantía, el nivel de conocimientos sobre los trastornos del comportamiento alimentario de los estudiantes de ciencias de la salud

[Not Available]. / Hábitos de desayuno en estudiantes de primaria y secundaria: posibilidades para la educación nutricional en la escuela.

Introducción: a pesar de la relevancia nutricional del desayuno para el desarrollo y su asociación a un mejor aprendizaje y rendimiento escolar, numerosos estudios ponen en evidencia que en muchos casos se omite o se hace mal.Objetivo: determinar la calidad del desayuno de estudiantes de entre 10 y 16 años con intención de determinar en qué momento sería conveniente realizar programas educativos sobre la importancia de esta comida y cómo mejorar su calidad.Método: estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal a partir de un cuestionario con preguntas cerradas acerca de los hábitos de alimentación en el desayuno en estudiantes de educación primaria y secundaria.Resultados y conclusión: solo el 18,5% de los estudiantes realiza un desayuno de buena calidad y su mala calidad va aumentando progresivamente con los cursos y se asocia al hecho de desayunar solo. En ambos niveles educativos los alimentos más consumidos en casa pertenecen al grupo de los lácteos y los cereales, mientras que en el centro escolar, el bocadillo resulta el desayuno más habitual; no obstante se observan diferencias entre primaria y secundaria en cuanto al consumo de fruta y bebidas azucaradas, entre otros.Conclusión: sería interesante valorar la instauración de programas de desayuno escolar incluyendo en ellos no solo a estudiantes de primaria, sino también, y especialmente, a adolescentes pues son estos quienes omiten esta comida en mayor proporción. Las intervenciones deberían orientarse a corregir las desviaciones más habituales observadas en cada uno de los niveles educativos.

Hábitos de desayuno en estudiantes de primaria y secundaria: posibilidades para la educación nutricional en la escuela / Breakfast habits in primary and secondary schoolchildren: options for nutritional education in schools

Introducción: a pesar de la relevancia nutricional del desayuno para el desarrollo y su asociación a un mejor aprendizaje y rendimiento escolar, numerosos estudios ponen en evidencia que en muchos casos se omite o se hace mal. Objetivo: determinar la calidad del desayuno de estudiantes de entre 10 y 16 años con intención de determinar en qué momento sería conveniente realizar programas educativos sobre la importancia de esta comida y cómo mejorar su calidad. Método: estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal a partir de un cuestionario con preguntas cerradas acerca de los hábitos de alimentación en el desayuno en estudiantes de educación primaria y secundaria. Resultados: solo el 18,5% de los estudiantes realiza un desayuno de buena calidad y su mala calidad va aumentando progresivamente con los cursos y se asocia al hecho de desayunar solo. En ambos niveles educativos los alimentos más consumidos en casa pertenecen al grupo de los lácteos y los cereales, mientras que en el centro escolar, el bocadillo resulta el desayuno más habitual; no obstante, se observan diferencias entre primaria y secundaria en cuanto al consumo de fruta y bebidas azucaradas, entre otros. Conclusión: sería interesante valorar la instauración de programas de desayuno escolar incluyendo en ellos no solo a estudiantes de primaria, sino también, y especialmente, a adolescentes pues son estos quienes omiten esta comida en mayor proporción. Las intervenciones deberían orientarse a corregir las desviaciones más habituales observadas en cada uno de los niveles educativos (AU)

Introduction: Despite the nutritional importance of breakfast for development and its association with better learning and academic performance, numerous studies highlight the fact that in many cases this meal is skipped or consists of unsuitable food. Objective: The aim is to determine the quality of breakfast of schoolchildren aged 10 to 16 in order to determine when the best time would be to introduce educational programmes on the importance of this meal and how to improve its quality. Methods: Observational, descriptive cross-sectional study based on a questionnaire consisting of closed questions on the breakfast habits of primary and secondary schoolchildren. Results: Only 18.5% of schoolchildren have a quality breakfast. The poor quality of this meal increases with each academic year and is associated with the fact of having breakfast alone. At both stages of education the foods most frequently consumed at home are dairy products and cereals, while those who breakfast at school are more likely to have a sandwich. However, differences are observed between primary and secondary level in regard to the consumption of fruit and sugary drinks, amongst others. Conclusion: It would be interesting to assess the introduction of school breakfast programmes that include not only primary schoolchildren but also, and especially, adolescents, as a greater number in this group tend to skip breakfast. Interventions should be aimed at correcting the most common deviations observed at each stage of education (AU)

Visión de los profesionales sobre las posibilidades de uso y las funcionalidades de las aplicaciones móviles para el tratamiento de la obesidad y el sobrepeso / Vision for professionals on the possibilities of use and features of the mobile applications for the treatment of obesity and overweight

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[Design and validation of a questionnaire to assess the level of general knowledge on eating disorders in students of Health Sciences]. / Diseño y validación de un cuestionario para evaluar el nivel de conocimientos generales en trastornos del comportamiento alimentario en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud.

OBJECTIVE: To design and validate a questionnaire to assess the level of knowledge regarding eating disorders in college students. DESIGN: Observational, prospective, and longitudinal study, with the design of the questionnaire based on a conceptual review and validation by a cognitive pre-test and pilot test-retest, with analysis of the psychometric properties in each application. LOCATION: University Foundation of Bages, Barcelona. Marco community care. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 140 students from Health Sciences; 53 women and 87 men with a mean age of 21.87 years; 28 participated in the pre-test and 112 in the test-retests, 110 students completed the study. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Validity and stability study using Cronbach α and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient statistics; relationship skills with sex and type of study, non-parametric statistical Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests; for demographic variables, absolute or percentage frequencies, as well as mean, central tendency and standard deviation as measures of dispersion were calculated. The statistical significance level was 95% confidence. RESULTS: The questionnaire was obtained that had 10 questions divided into four dimensions (classification, demographics characteristics of patients, risk factors and clinical manifestations of eating disorders). The scale showed good internal consistency in its final version (Cronbach α=0.724) and adequate stability (Pearson correlation 0.749). CONCLUSIONS: The designed tool can be accurately used to assess Health Sciences students' knowledge of eating disorders.